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Difference between revisions of "Beelzebub"

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[[Image:Beelzebub.jpg|right|thumb|Beelzebub as depicted in Collin de Plancy's ''Dictionnaire Infernal'' (Paris, 1863).]]


'''Beelzebub''' (IPA|/biˈɛl.zəˌbʌb/),  '''Ba‘al Zebûb''' or '''Ba‘al Z<sup>ə</sup>vûv''' (Hebrew '''בעל זבוב''', with numerous variants. In addition to Beelzebub, Ba‘al Zebûb, and Ba‘al Z<sup>ə</sup>vûv, (בעל זבוב), variants include ''Belzebud, Beezelbub, Belzaboul, Beelzeboul, Baalsebul, Baalzebubg, Beelzebuth,'' and ''Beelzebus''.
==Origin==
In ancient contexts, there appears to have been little, if any, meaningful distinction between Beelzebub and the polytheistic Semitic [[god]] named '''[[Baal|Ba‘al]]'''. Monotheistic Jewish reference to Baal was almost certainly pejorative, and grew to be used among other terms for [[Satan]]. Hence the name also later appears as the name of a [[demon]] or [[devil]], often interchanged with '''Beelzebul'''.
<!-- The distinction of the deity or deification "-bub" and "-bul" have been speculated to be [[gender]] based, with bul in reference to the female.-->
Examination has sought to interpret the meaning of Baal in context to determine the specific reasons for this connotation, and varied religious speculations have run the gamut. It is generally unknown whether and to what extent the anti-[[Paganism|pagan]] sentiment of early Hebrews was based in an anti-martriarchal view, or else a developed dislike for the customary pagan fertility rites.
Regardless, the demonization of the deity or deification is thought to have been one basis for the personification of [[Satan]] as the adversary of the Abrahamic god, though other influences such as the Zoroastrian Daeva may have contributed.
===Etymology===
''Ba‘al Zebûb'' might mean either 'Lord of Zebûb', referring to an unknown place called Zebûb, or 'Lord of flies' (''zebûb'' being a Hebrew collective noun for 'fly'). This may mean the Hebrews were denigrating their enemies' god by referring to him as dung.
Thomas Kelly Cheyne suggested that it might be a corruption of Ba'al Zebul, 'Lord of the High Place'. The Septuagint<sup>A</sup> renders the name as ''Baalzeboub'', Septuagint<sup>B</sup> as ''Baal myîan'' 'Baal of flies', but Symmachus the Ebionite may have reflected a tradition of its offensive ancient name when he rendered it as ''Beelzeboul'' (''Catholic Encyclopedia''). 
The source for the name Ba‘al Zebûb / Beelzebub is in Books of Kings 1.2&ndash;3,6,16 where King Ahaziah of Israel, after seriously injuring himself in a fall, sends messengers to inquire of Ba‘al Zebûb, the god of the Philistine city of Ekron, to learn if he will recover. Elijah the Prophet then condemns Ahaziah to die by Yahweh's words because Ahaziah sought council from Ba‘al Zebûb rather than from Yahweh.
In [[Christianity|Christian]] writings, the name Beelzebub or Beelzebul may appear as an alternate name for Satan (or the [[Devil]]) or may else appear to refer to the name of a lesser devil. As with several religions, the names of any earlier foreign or "[[Paganism|pagan]]" deities often became synonymous with the concept of an adversarial entity.
In ''Mark'' 3.22, the Pharisees accuse [[Jesus]] of [[Exorcism|driving out demons]] by the power of Beelzeboul, prince of demons, the name also appearing in the expanded version in Matthew 12.24,27 and Luke 11.15,18&ndash;19. The name also occurs in Matthew 10.25. It is unknown whether Symmachus was correct in identifying these names or not since we otherwise know nothing about either of them. ''Zeboul'' might derive from a slurred pronunciation of ''zebûb''; from 'zebel', a word used to mean 'dung' in the Targums; or from Hebrew ''zebûl'' found in 1 Kings 8.13 in the phrase ''bêt-zebûl'' 'lofty house' and used in Rabbinical writings to mean 'house' or 'temple' and also as the name for the fourth heaven. 
In any case the form ''Beelzebub'' was substituted for ''Belzebul'' in the Syriac translation and Latin Vulgate translation of the gospels and this substitution was repeated in the King James Version of the Bible, the result of which is the form ''Beelzebul'' was mostly unknown to western European and descendant cultures until some more recent translations restored it.
In summary, it is unknown if either or both of these names were a title applied to persons, to divinities exclusively, or otherwise  were a corruption of such a title, possibly as a denigration.
==Apocryphal literature==
In the ''Testament of Solomon'', Beelzebul (not Beelzebub) appears as prince of the demons and says (6.2) that he was formerly a leading heavenly angel who was (6.7) associated with the star Hesperus (which is the normal Greek name for the planet Venus (Αφροδíτη) as evening star). Seemingly Beelzebul is here simply [[Satan]]/[[Lucifer]]. Beelzebul claims to cause destruction through tyrants, to cause demons to be worshipped among men, to excite priests to lust, to cause jealousies in cities and murders, and to bring on war.
Texts of the ''Acts of Pilate'' (also known as the ''Gospel of Nicodemus'') vary in whether they use ''Beelzebul'' or ''Beezebub''. The name is used by [[Hades]] as a secondary name for Satan. But it may vary with each translation of the text, other versions give the name Beelzebub as Beelzebub, but separates him from Satan.
== Later accounts ==
Beelzebub is commonly described as placed high in [[Hell|Hell's]] hierarchy; he was of the order of [[cherubim]]. According to the renowned 16th century occultist Johannes Wierus, Beelzebub is the chief lieutenant of [[Lucifer]], the Emperor of Hell, and presides over the Order of the Fly.  Similarly, the 17th century exorcist Sebastian Michaelis, in his ''Admirable History'' (1612), placed Beelzebub among the three most prominent fallen [[angel]]s, the other two being Lucifer and [[Leviathan]], whereas two 18th century works identified an unholy trinity consisting of Beelzebub, Lucifer, and [[Astaroth]].  John Milton featured Beelzebub as seemingly the second-ranking of the many fallen [[cherubim]] in the epic poem ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', first published in 1667.  Wrote Milton of Beelzebub "than whom, Satan except, none higher sat." Beelzebub is also a character in John Bunyan's ''The Pilgrim's Progress'', first published in 1678.
Sebastien Michaelis associated Beelzebub with the deadly sin of pride. However, according to Peter Binsfeld, Beelzebub was the demon of gluttony, one of the other [[seven deadly sins]], whereas Francis Barrett asserted that Beelzebub was the prince of false gods.  In any event, Beelzebub was frequently named as an object of supplication by confessed [[witch|witches]]. After being accused by the Pharisees of possessing Jesus, he has also been held responsible for at least one famous case of alleged [[demon possession]] which occurred in Aix-en-Provence in 1611 involving a nun by the name of Sister Madeleine de Demandolx de la Palud who named one Father Jean-Baptiste Gaufridi as a bewitcher of young nuns. Beelzebub was also imagined to be sowing his influence in Salem, Massachusetts: his name came up repeatedly during the Salem witch trials, the last large-scale public expression of witch hysteria, and afterwards Rev. Cotton Mather wrote a pamphlet entitled ''Of Beelzebub and his Plot.''
In the mid 20th Century, the founder of a type of Gnosticism who called himself “Samael Aun Weor”, wrote a book called "The Revolution of Beelzebub" in which he claimed that through [[astral projection]] he paid visits to Beelzebub in various regions of the astral plane for the purpose of trying to convince him to renounce demonic ways in order to become an angel again.
==Popular Culture==
===Games===
*Beelzebub, although spelled ''Beezelbub'', makes an appearance in the game '''Castlevania: Symphony of the Night''' for the Playstation game console, as a large rotting corpse on hooks while giant insects seem to feed upon its flesh, with the apparent ability to send out flies, implying it as the "Lord of the Flies"
*A high-ranking demon by the name of ''Baalzebul'' has been seen in earlier editions of the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game.
*Beelzebub appears in the arcade game, '''Ghouls'n Ghosts''' as the boss of the fifth level. He can shoot balls of acid to attack and split into smaller bugs.
===Literature
*Beelzebub's translated name is used as the title for William Golding's novel, Lord of the Flies.
===Music===
*Beelzebub is mentioned in the lyrics to Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody" in the line "Beelzebub has the devil put aside for me".
===TV===
*In the Digimon series, one of the characters is named ''Beelzemon''.
==See also==
*[[Baal]]
*[[Demon]]
*[[Devil]]
*[[Hell]]
*[[Satan]]
==References==
*[http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=br_ss_hs/102-2305931-9420165?platform=gurupa&url=index%3Dstripbooks%3Arelevance-above&keywords=gustav+davidson+angels&Go.x=0&Go.y=0&Go=Go ''The Dictionary of Angels'' by Gustav Davidson]
*[http://www.amazon.com/Fallen-Angels-Spirits/dp/0399518894/sr=1-1/qid=1157007692/ref=sr_1_1/102-2305931-9420165?ie=UTF8&s=books  ''Fallen Angels...and Spirits of the Dark'' by Robert Masello]
*[http://www.amazon.com/-Access-Bible-New/dp/0195282191/sr=1-3/qid=1157007711/ref=pd_bbs_3/102-2305931-9420165?ie=UTF8&s=books  ''The Access Bible'']
*[http://www.amazon.com/-Book-Sacred-Magic-/dp/1585092525/sr=1-1/qid=1157007747/ref=sr_1_1/102-2305931-9420165?ie=UTF8&s=books  ''The Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage, Book I, II, & III'']
*[http://www.hermetics.org/pdf/grimoire/Grimoirum_Verum.pdf ''Grimoirium Verum or The True Grimoire. The Most Approved Keys of Solomon The Hebrew Rabbi'']
==External links==
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02388c.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'':] Beelzebub
*[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=498&letter=B  ''Jewish Encyclopedia'':] Beelzebub
*[http://www.godchecker.com/pantheon/middle-eastern-mythology.php?deity=BEELZEBUB ''Godchecker'']
*[http://www.deliriumsrealm.com/delirium/mythology/beelzebub.asp ''A Gallery of Demons'']
*[http://www.occultopedia.com/b/beelzebub.htm ''Occultopedia'']
{{wikipedia}}
[[Category:Angels and demons]]

Revision as of 01:23, 18 April 2007